Using Token Economies to Help Manage Behavior
有ADHD的儿童的父母经常使用令牌经济，行为修改程序，可以帮助目标特定行为。
儿童的父母与ADHD经常使用令牌经济。这些类型的行为修改程序可以帮助使用积极的增强来帮助瞄准特定行为来增加想要的或适当的行为。令牌经济方案允许孩子立即“赚取货币”，然后交易以后的某种类型的奖励。
The benefit of such a program is the ability to give a child immediate feedback on their behavior. Token economies can be implemented at home or at school, enhancing incentive programs that may already be in place.
Token economies can be relatively easy to implement and effective, but can be time-consuming and expensive. They should never, however, cause a child to be deprived of basic needs. Food, shelter, bedding and reasonable opportunities for leisure and exercise should be allowed to all children, these should not be taken away as punishment.
选择目标行为
In order for a token economy to be most effective, parents must choose a few behaviors to target. Choosing one or two specific behaviors in the beginning can increase the chances of this type of behavioral modification program to succeed. Once your child has succeeded in changing a behavior, you can change
In addition, the wanted behaviors should be specific, concise and clear. For example, if your child is not handing in homework, your target behavior may be "turning in homework on time." Be clear on exactly what behavior will allow a child to earn a token. If he or she hands in homework a day late, will they still receive a token or does the homework need to be handed in on time? The more specific you are on your expectations, the better a token economy will work.
选择令牌的类型
Tokens can be as easy as check marks on a chart, stickers, play money or poker chips. The idea of a token is to be able to provide immediate feedback and therefore need to be visible and attractive to the person receiving the token. For example, stickers or check marks on a chart may be motivation to a young child but may not hold any motivation for an older child or teenager.
Tokens should not have a value of their own. The theory behind a token economy is to collect the tokens and exchanged later for something the child values.
Choose the Types of Prizes or Rewards
Rewards should be targeted to the child. They should provide motivation to change behaviors.
然而，奖励不一定需要昂贵。一些奖励的例子是：
Having a friend sleep over
租一部电影
在周末熬夜
Going out for ice cream
A special toy or an item the child wants
Determine How and When the Exchange Happens
In order for the token economy to work effectively, there must be a set way for the child to exchange their token for the reward. This can be done on a daily, weekly or monthly basis. Again, this should be catered to the individual child. For some children, waiting a month may be too long and will not provide any incentive, for older children, however, a month may work if they are trying to earn something they want.
Parent must also determine how many tokens a child must earn in order to exchange the tokens for the reward.
Implementing the Program
在与令牌经济合作时，父母需要保持一致。应在实施令牌经济处建立具体目标，所有家庭成员都应该了解令牌奖励的行为。
As children learn the correct behaviors, tokens should be decreased, allowing the child to incorporate the correct behavior in his or her daily life. For example, if tokens are given for handing in homework, for the first week or two, a token should be given each day homework is handed in. Once the child is completing this task on a daily basis, tokens can be decreased, maybe giving a token for handing in homework two days in a row, then three, then once a week. Eventually, rewards for this specific behavior can be eliminated. Parents can then choose a new behavior to begin working on.
