Kidney Diseases
Definition
Kidney diseases aredisorders that affect the kidneys; the two organs that remove waste products, produce certain hormones, and regulate the level of chemicals in blood.
Description
Kidney Function
A major function of the kidneys is to remove waste products and excess fluid from the body. These waste products and excess fluid are removed through urine.
The production of urine involves highly complex steps of excretion and reabsorption. This process is necessary to maintain a stable balance of body chemicals.
身体盐，钾和酸含量的临界调节由肾脏进行。肾脏还产生影响其他器官功能的激素和维生素。例如，肾脏产生的激素刺激红细胞产生。此外，肾脏产生的其他激素有助于调节血压，其他引发剂有助于控制代谢钙。
There are two kidneys, each about the size of a fist, located on either side of the spine at the lowest level of the rib cage. Each kidney contains about one million functioning units, called nephrons.
A nephron consists of a filtering unit of tiny blood vessels, called a glomerulus, attached to a tubule. When blood enters the glomerulus, it is filtered and the remaining fluid passes along the tubule. In the tubule, chemicals and water are either added to or removed from this filtered fluid, according to the body's needs, with the final product being the urine we excrete.
Types Of Kidney Disease
肾脏疾病通常都可kidneys. If the kidneys' ability to remove and regulate water and chemicals is seriously damaged by disease, waste products and excess fluid build up occur, causing severe swelling and symptoms of uremia (kidney failure).
There are many different types and causes of kidney disease. These can be characterized as hereditary, congenital or acquired.
遗传性障碍
These can be transmitted to both males and females, and generally produce clinical symptoms from teenage years to adulthood. The most prevalent hereditary kidney condition is polycystic kidney disease. Other hereditary conditions include Alport's syndrome, hereditary nephritis, primary hyperoxaluria and cystinuria.
Congenital Disease
This usually involves some malformation of the genitourinary tract, usually leading to some type of obstruction which subsequently produces infection and/or destruction of kidney tissue. The destruction can eventually progress to chronic kidney failure.
Acquired Kidney Disease
这些疾病很多，一般术语是肾炎（意味着肾脏炎症）。最常见的肾炎类型是肾小球肾炎，而且，这有很多原因。
Kidney Stones
这些是非常普遍的，当他们通过时，疼痛在侧面和背部可能非常严重。石材形成可以是遗传性疾病，肾脏中的畸形和/或感染，或者在没有任何事先问题的情况下会发生。疼痛突然出现，在波浪中出现，然后在石头通过时迅速消失。
Nephrotic Syndrome
This refers to a large protein loss in the urine[frequently in association with low blood protein (albumin) levels, an elevated blood cholesterol and severe retention of body fluid, causing swelling (edema)]. This disease can be a primary disorder of the kidney or secondary to an illness, affecting many parts of the body (for example diabetes mellitus).
长期高血压（高血压）
This can cause kidney disease itself or can be a result of a kidney disorder. Uncontrolled high blood pressure can accelerate the natural course of any underlying kidney disease.
Diabetes
Long standing diabetes can lead to kidney failure. However, tight control of blood glucose levels over the years may reduce those complications.
Drugs and Toxins
Certain medications, toxins, pesticides and "street" drugs (i.e., heroin) can also produce kidney damage.
Causes
Unfortunately, the cause of many kidney diseases is still unknown, but controlling high blood pressure and diabetes can reduce the risk of many kidney diseases.
Symptoms
虽然许多形式的肾脏疾病不会产生症状，直到疾病过程中晚期，至少有六个警告标志可能表明肾病：
1.Burning or difficulty during urination
2.An increase in the frequency of urination
3.Passage of blood in the urine
4.Puffiness around the eyes, swelling of the hands and feet
5.在肋骨下方的小背部疼痛
6.High blood pressure
Diagnosis
您的医生将获得完整的病史并进行体检。他或她可能会建议血液测试和某些尿液测试，可以提供有关您的肾功能的许多信息。
治疗
一些肾脏疾病可以成功地治疗，其他肾脏疾病对先进的肾功能衰竭，需要透析和/或移植。
For example, kidney infections and kidney stones can often be successfully treated. Chronic inflammation of the glomerulus (glomerulonephritis) is the most common kidney disease, which slowly progresses to kidney failure.
Your doctor may recommend certain medications or suggest a specific diet for you.
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