贫血
What is Anemia?
贫血occurs whenblood does not have enough red blood cells or when the blood does not have enough hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying pigment found in red blood cells. Anemia can be life-threatening.
Although there are over 400 different forms of anemia, this health profile will only address the three most common: iron-deficiency anemia, vitamin B12 anemia and folic acid deficiency.
贫血s can also be caused by such conditions as external bleeding, chronic disease, pregnancy, alcoholism, bleeding disorders, infection and hereditary conditions.
原因of Anemia
缺铁性贫血
缺铁性贫血从身体中的熨斗中产生太少的血红蛋白。有三（3）个原因的缺铁性贫血：
1.以比正常（损失）更大的速率损失铁。失血通常是慢，持续出血的胃肠炎，如胃炎，消化溃疡，溃疡性结肠炎，炎症性肠病，息肉，胃肠道肿瘤（如胃或结肠癌），重症月经期，肾脏肿瘤，膀胱肿瘤，膀胱炎，前列腺炎和痔疮。此外，频繁使用阿司匹林，布洛芬或其他非类固醇抗炎药，以及慢性酒精滥用，也可以引起缺铁性贫血。
2.Poor absorption of iron from the diet. Poor absorption of iron from the diet is usually as a result of surgical removal of part or all of the stomach or celiac sprue (a condition in which the lining of the small intestine is damaged by a protein found in wheat or rye called gluten).
3.Eating a diet low in iron. This anemia can happen from not eating enough iron-rich foods, such as fruit, whole-grain bread, beans, lean meat and green vegetables.
维生素B12贫血
维生素B12贫血is the result of an impaired ability of the digestive tract to absorb the B12 that is a normal part of the diet. B12 is essential for the production of red blood cells, as well as the maintenance of the nervous system, and is found in food of animal origin such as meat, fish and dairy products. There are four (4) causes.
1.Failure of the stomach lining to produce intrinsic factor. Intrinsic factor is a chemical produced by the stomach lining and combined with vitamin B12 in the small intestine. Due to an autoimmune disorder (a disorder caused by a person's own immune system attacking the body's organs and tissues), the production of intrinsic factor is blocked.
2.Rremoval of small intestine where vitamin B12 is absorbed
3.克罗恩病 - 一种慢性炎症疾病，影响胃肠道的任何部分
4.吃素食饮食，排除鸡蛋，日记用品，肉类和鱼类
Folic acid deficiency
Folic acid deficiency is usually caused by an inadequate intake of folic acid, a vitamin mainly supplied by the fresh green leafy vegetables, mushrooms, lima beans and kidney beans. This disorder is most common in the poor and elderly (due to poor eating habits), in heavy alcohol drinkers, and in persons afflicted with intestinal disorders such as Crohn's disease or celiac sprue.
贫血的症状
症状iron deficiency anemia（如果有的话）是：
Paleness
Weakness
Tiredness
胸痛（严重案例）
Shortness of breath (in severe cases)
Heart palpitations (in severe cases)
An increased heart rate especially during exertion (in severe cases)
Rapid breathing
症状维生素B12贫血与缺铁性贫血相似，但也可以引起：
黄疸
用手和脚麻木和刺痛
Equilibrium difficulties
困惑
人格变化和抑郁症
症状folic acid deficiencyare similar to vitamin B12 anemia.
贫血的症状也可能包括：
Back, maroon or bloody stool
Abdominal pain
Weight loss
疲劳
Chest pain
Diagnosing Anemia
贫血被诊断出患者的症状和血液试验，以测量血液中的血红蛋白水平，以及叶酸，胆红素和维生素B12等物质.另外，红细胞的尺寸为贫血类型提供了进一步的线索。
其他诊断方法可包括骨髓性活组织检查，这是在显微镜下去除骨髓进行进一步检查。
Bone marrow biopsy is helpful in diagnosing vitamin B12 anemia. Some dietitians suggest that the doctor also check for levels of ferritin in the blood of premenopausal women. Ferritin is a protein that stores iron before the mineral circulates in the bloodstream.
贫血治疗
Iron-deficiency anemia
治疗将取决于个人是否在饮食中没有足够的铁（增加铁摄入量）;不吸收铁（腹膜浇口等手术等）;由于从酒精胃炎的任何东西对药物滥用肿瘤，随着时间的推移会失去少量的量。医生经常推荐富含铁的食物（如肝脏，海鲜，干果，利马豆，全谷物，绿叶蔬菜和黑色糖蜜）或铁丸。在缺乏缺铁性贫血患者中，可能推荐出血，手术，输血或激素注射。
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Current treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency consists of a life-long regimen of monthly B-12 injections. Unfortunately, neither diet or iron pills will help, but if diagnosed early a full recovery is promising.
Folic acid deficiency
治疗通常是饮食矫正。叶酸的主要来源包括肉类，家禽，奶酪，牛奶，鸡蛋，肝，绿叶蔬菜，生水果，利马和芸豆，以及酵母。叶酸片迅速治愈贫血。如果肠道障碍阻碍叶酸吸收，则可能需要补充剂。在罕见的情况下，需要注射叶酸。
Overall treatment considerations
Other therapies for anemia may include oxygen, fluids, fresh frozen plasma, platelet replacement and vasopressors (medication to elevate blood pressure). This will depend upon the underlying cause of the anemia.
在包括含铁的食物和具有B-复合体维生素的食物的健康饮食的消耗对于开发和维持令人满意的血统至关重要。
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