性传播疾病（STD）

March 30, 2019

Definition

Sexually transmitted diseases(性病)被人传播性infected. These infections are usually passed by intercourse, but can also be passed through other types of sex, such as oral sex.

STD可以由病毒或细菌引起。如果你曾经发生过性生活，你可能面临着拥有STD的风险。如果您有许多性伴侣，您的风险较高，与有许多合作伙伴的人发生性关系，或者在不使用避孕套（橡胶）的情况下发生性关系。

Description

性传播疾病（也称为性病）是美国最常见的传染病之一。现在已经确定了至少20个STD。他们每年都会影响这个国家的1000多万男女。

It is important to understand at least five key points about all STDs in this country today:

STDs affect men and women of all backgrounds and economic levels. They are most prevalent among teenagers and young adults. Nearly one-third of all cases involves teenagers.
The incidence of STDs is rising, in part because in the last few decades, young people have become sexually active earlier. Sexually active people today are also more likely to have more than one sex partner or to change partners frequently. Anyone who has sexual relations is potentially at risk for developing STDs.
Many STDs initially cause no symptoms. When symptoms develop, they may be confused with those of other diseases not transmitted through sexual contact. However, even when an STD causes no symptoms, a person who is infected may be able to pass the disease on to a sex partner. That is why many doctors recommend periodic testing for people who have more than one sex partner.
Health problems caused by STDs tend to be more severe and more frequent for women than men.
Some STDs can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), a major cause of both infertility and ectopic (tubal) pregnancy. The latter can be fatal to a pregnant woman.
女性的STD感染也可能与宫颈癌有关。一个STD，生殖器疣是由与宫颈和其他癌症相关的病毒引起的。其他STD和宫颈癌之间的关系尚不清楚。
STDs can be passed from a mother to her baby before or during birth; some of these congenital infections can be cured easily, but others may cause permanent disability or even death of the infant.

When diagnosed and treated early, almost all STDs can be treated effectively. Some organisms, such as certain forms of gonococci, have become resistant to the drugs used to treat them and now require higher doses or newer types of antibiotics. The most serious STD for which no effective treatment or cure now exists is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a fatal viral infection of the immune system.

Major Types

Diseases that can be transmitted sexually are:

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Bacterial vaginosis
Chancroid
衣原体感染
Cytomegalovirus感染
疱疹
生殖器立骨盆感染
Genital (venereal) warts (Papillomavirus)
淋病
Granuloma inguinale (Donovanosis)
B组链球菌感染
Molluscum contagiosum.
耻骨虱子
疥
Syphilis
Trichomoniasis
Enteric infections: Hepatitis A; Amebiasis; Giardiasis; Shigellosis

Papillomavirus (condylomas)

Papillomavirus is a virus that causes growths (called condylomas orgenital warts) and it is the most common STD in the U.S. Condylomas commonly accompany other STDs, such asgonorrhea. The virus is usually spread by direct contact with a wart from an infected person.

Condylomas are fleshy growths that appear alone or in clusters. They usually break out in moist areas on or around the genitals (sex organs) and anus. Growths inside the genital organs are soft and red or pink. Outside growths are firm and dark. They are often no larger than the tip of a pencil, but they may combine to form large, cauliflower-like growths.

生殖器疣通常出现在接触后一至三个月，但有些人未被发现，直到它们造成不适。病变可以感染并导致温和的刺激或瘙痒。小髁瘤可能在性交过程中引起直肠疼痛或疼痛。乳头瘤病毒可能具有严重的并发症 - 髁瘤的存在与宫颈癌有关。患有生殖器疣历史的女性每年至少有一次PAP测试。

Prevention

Each year, hundreds of thousands of people in the U.S. contract a sexually transmitted disease. Thus, it is important to understand what behaviors put you, your family and friends at risk. All of us must take responsibility for protecting ourselves and our partners. Simply addressing these issues does not imply approval of the sexual practices discussed.

Most STDs are treatable, but AIDS has no cure and death is virtually certain. Therefore, education about this disease is vital. Although AIDS can be spread through shared use of contaminated needles among drug abusers, or rarely, through a blood transfusion, it is usually transmitted by sexual contact. The virus is present in semen and vaginal secretions and enters a person's body through the small tears in the vaginal or rectal tissues that can develop during sexual activity. AIDS is not considered a highly contagious disease; transmission of the virus occurs only after very intimate contact with infected blood or semen.

On the other hand, STDs (such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, herpes, venereal warts andsyphilis) are highly contagious and many can be spread through even brief sexual contact. However, none of these infections are spread through casual contact, such as handshaking, talking, sitting on toilet seats, or living in the same house with an infected person. The microorganisms that cause STDs (including AIDS) all die quickly once outside the body.

The only sure way of preventing STDs and AIDS is through sexual abstinence or a relationship with only one uninfected person (straight or gay). If you have several partners, either heterosexual or homosexual, you place yourself at a high risk of contracting disease. At present, no vaccine is available to prevent any of the STDs.

To help prevent the spread of STDs:

Know your sexual partner. Tell your sexual partner if you have an STD and ask your partner if they may have an STD.
Look for signs of an STD in your sexual partner. For example, look for sores around the penis or vagina. If your partner has:

Chlamydia- Look for signs of itching around the vagina, a yellow and odorless discharge, pain during sex and pain and frequency during urination for women. Men may have pain or burning when urinating, and a watery, milky-colored discharge from the penis.

淋病- 女性可能有白色，绿色或黄色的放电，痛苦的排尿，在时期之间发现，有时发烧和腹痛。男性可能具有厚厚的黄色放电，痛苦的排尿，阴茎的开口可能会疼痛。

Syphilis- A painless red sore will appear where you were touched during intercourse. A few months later, you may have a fever, sore throat, headaches and joint pain.

疱疹- A tingling and itching around the genitals. Small painful blisters may form in the area

Limit the amount of sexual partners.
Always use a condom when having sex.
Don't douche. Douching may spread infections higher into the womb.

Use Of Condoms

While condoms do not eliminate risk, the correct use of a condom and avoidance of certain sexual practices can decrease the risk of contracting AIDS, as well as other STDs. The condom (also known as a prophylactic, a rubber or safe) is a thin sheath, usually made of latex rubber, that covers the erect penis.

When used correctly, a latex condom is effective, both for preventing pregnancy and for decreasing the chances of contracting most STDs (including AIDS). Condoms can be purchased over the counter at any drugstore and are available in various thicknesses, colors and shapes. They may be lubricated or unlubricated, have a plain end or a reservoir end, and have a smooth (the most common), ribbed or corrugated texture.

避孕套可以花费一美元的三个，但通常成本范围从50美分到一美元。避孕套有时是由动物膜制成的;然而，一些专家认为，如此自然的“皮肤”避孕套中的毛孔可能使病毒通过。为了有效，安全套必须不受脉冲，在生殖器接触之前应用于直立的阴茎，并且必须保持完整和紧贴，直到完成性活动。

About a third of all condoms now sold in the U.S. are purchased by women. They can be kept in a pocket or purse until needed, and they provide protection against STDs. The condom can be placed on the erect penis of a male partner as a part of the initial foreplay; a man who objects to a condom may be less opposed to wearing one if his partner puts it on for him.

性行为和stds

不同的性行法携带不同程度的收缩艾滋病病毒。接受（被动）肛交是最风险的，因为这可能会损伤肛门和直肠膜，并允许艾滋病病毒进入血液。无源合作伙伴的承诺患者的风险高于活跃的伴侣，尽管可以从被动伴侣的直肠传播淋病和梅毒。大多数研究都集中在男性同性恋上，但异性恋肛交可能具有相同的风险。

Heterosexual vaginal intercourse, particularly with multiple partners, also carries a risk of contracting AIDS. The virus is believed to be transmitted more easily from the man to the woman than vice versa. This type of sex is how most other STDs are transmitted.

Oral/genital sex is a possible (though probably uncommon) means of transmission of the AIDS virus. However, inserting the penis in the mouth (fellatio) with ejaculation and swallowing of semen is the most common cause of throat gonorrhea, and oral contact with the clitoris and vaginal opening (cunnilingus) is a frequent method of transmission of the herpes virus.

疱疹is probably the only disease that can be contracted by light (dry) kissing, but deep (French) kissing may transmit other STDs. Activities that involve only skin-to-skin contact, (such as hugging, massage and mutual masturbation) with little or no exposure to body fluids, do not spread disease.

Other Prevention Methods

杀菌剂are creams, foams, suppositories, jellies or film that a woman puts in her vagina to kill sperm. Lab studies show that spermicides also kill many of the germs that cause STDs. However, they offer less protection than condoms. For STD prevention, spermicides are best used with condoms, not in place of them.

Diaphragm, Sponge and Cap这些类型birth controlare inserted into the vagina to hold spermicide up to the cervix (entrance to the uterus - womb). The spermicide used with these methods can help protect the cervix from STDs.

Pill,Norplant, Depo-Provera and the IUD. The birth control pill, the Norplant implant and Depo-Provera injection, use man-made hormones to stop pregnancy. These devices give no protection against STDs. The IUD is a small device put inside the uterus to prevent pregnancy. It also gives no protection against STDs.

Withdrawal, Washing or Urinating在射精之前抽出阴茎不是一种可靠的方法来防止STD。性交后洗涤或排尿可能有助于去除导致某些STD的一些细菌，但它们不能防止STD。