梅毒
定义
This sexually transmitted在其后期阶段的疾病（STD）可引起精神障碍，失明和死亡，是由叫做Treponema Pallidum的软木塞形状的细菌引起的。
描述
梅毒, which swept through Europe in a devastating epidemic during the late 15th century, is now readily treated with antibiotics.
梅毒, which is known as the great imitator because it mimics so many other diseases, is making its strongest comeback in 40 years in the U.S.. The surging number of cases reflects social and economic factor s like changing sexual habits; drug abuse, particularly trading sex for crack; rising rates of pregnancy among teenagers who do not use contraceptives to protect against infection, and declining support for public health services, which has limited tracing some cases.
Health officials are also deeply concerned about the links between syphilis and AIDS. The open sores of syphilis are believed to make it easier for the AIDS virus to enter the body.
感染是通过直接接触the sores of someone who has an active infection. Although the bacterium is usually transmitted through the mucous membranes of the genital area, the mouth, or the anus, it also can pass through broken skin on other parts of the body.
梅毒的孕妇可以将疾病传染给她未出生的孩子，他们可能出生严重的心理和身体问题。然而，梅毒细菌非常脆弱，并且如果有的话，感染很少，如果有的话，通过与马桶座或毛巾等物体接触来蔓延。
因为梅毒的早期症状可能是非常温和的，因为当他们第一次被感染时，许多人不寻求治疗。然而，未经处理的受感染的人可以在疾病的前两个阶段感染其他人，这可以持续长达2年。
Causes
不安全的性行为是收缩原发性梅毒的主要因果因素。
Symptoms
The first symptom of primary syphilis is a usually painless open sore called a chancre (pronounced "shanker"). The chancre can appear within 10 days to 3 months (usually 2 to 6 weeks) after exposure.
因为Chancre通常是无痛的，有时发生在身体内部，可能会被忽视。它通常发现在暴露于细菌的身体的一部分，例如阴茎，外阴或阴道。Chancre也可以在子宫颈，舌头，嘴唇或指尖上发展。蔡克西雷在几周内消失，但疾病仍在继续。如果在初级阶段未治疗，则疾病可能通过三个其他阶段进行。
二次梅毒是由在Chancre消失后2到12周的任何地方出现的皮疹。皮疹可以覆盖整个身体或仅在几个区域中出现，例如手的手掌或脚的鞋底。由于这些疮中存在活性细菌，所以任何身体接触 - 性或无性 - 受感染者的破碎的皮肤可能会在这个阶段传播感染。
The rash may be accompanied by flu-like symptoms such as mild fever, fatigue, headache, sore throat, as well as patchy hair loss, swollen lymph glands throughout the body, and other problems. The rash usually heals within several weeks or months, and the other symptoms subside as well.
二次梅毒的迹象偶尔会出现未来1到2年。像初级阶段的症状一样，次级梅毒的症状可能是非常温和的，并且没有被注意到。
如果未经治疗，则梅毒然后流失为潜在阶段，患者不再具有传染性。
许多未治疗的人不会对疾病的进一步后果遭受。然而，从15％到40％的感染者继续开发迟到的并发症或第三次梅毒，其中细菌损害心脏，眼睛，脑，神经系统，骨骼，关节或几乎任何其他部分身体。这个阶段可以持续多年，甚至几十年。
Late syphilis, the final stage, can lead to mental illness, blindness, heart disease, and death.
诊断
梅毒has sometimes been called "the great imitator" because its early symptoms are similar to those of many other diseases.
People who have more than one sex partner should consult a doctor about any suspicious rash or sore in the genital area. Those who have been treated for another STD such as gonorrhea should be tested to be sure they have not acquired syphilis.
There are at least three ways to diagnose syphilis: a doctor's recognition of its symptoms, microscopic identification of syphilis bacteria, and blood tests.
To diagnose syphilis by identifying the bacteria, the doctor takes a small amount of tissue from a chancre and has it examined under a special "darkfield" microscope.
血液检验还提供感染的证据，尽管在感染发生后长达6周，但它们可能会产生假阴性结果（尽管存在，但尽管存在，但尽管存在）。
对梅毒的血液试验的解释可能是困难的，并且有时需要重复的检查来确认诊断。在一些梅毒（特别是在潜在或晚期）的患者中，必须进行腰椎穿刺（脊椎龙头）以检查神经系统的感染。
The most common of the screening tests are the VDRL (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory) test and the rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test. More accurate blood tests specifically detect the patient's immune response to the syphilis bacterium. These tests include the fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption (FTA-ABS) test that can accurately detect 70 to 90 percent of cases.
Your physician may also recommendHIV testing。
Treatment
梅毒用注射施用的青霉素治疗。其他抗生素可用于对青霉素过敏的患者使用。
一小部分患者不响应通常剂量的青霉素。因此，重要的是，患者的定期重复血液测试是为了确保传染病完全被摧毁，并且没有进一步的疾病证据。
在梅毒的所有阶段，适当的治疗将治愈该疾病，但在晚期梅毒中，对身体器官已经造成的损害不能逆转。
预防
感染性梅毒的患者应避免性活动直至通过抗生素治疗无排感。
与您的伴侣公开谈论STDS，HIV和乙型肝炎感染以及使用contraception。所有性活跃的人都应该考虑使用乳胶避孕套来预防STD和HIV感染，即使它们正在使用另一种形式的避孕。
乳胶避孕套一致，正确使用是预防疾病（和怀孕）的有效手段。由于潜在的避孕套仅保护覆盖部件，因此暴露的部分应尽可能立即用肥皂和水洗涤。这适用于男女。
